Cours en Debian

Cours en Debian Linux

Linux Fundamentals

1. Introduction to Unix and Linux

Unix History

AT&T Bell Labs
The Unix Wars
University of California, Berkeley
GNU's not Unix
Linux

Licensing

Proprietary
BSD
GNU General Public License (GPL)
Others...

Current Distributions

What is a distribution ?
Linux Distributions
BSD Distributions
Major Vendors of Unix
Solaris

Certification

LPI: Linux Professional Institute
Red Hat Certified Engineer
MySQL
Novell CLP/CLE
Sun Solaris
Other certifications

Discovering the classroom

2. Getting help in Linux

man pages

man $command
man $configfile
man $daemon
man -k (apropos)
whatis
whereis
man sections
man $section $file
man man
mandb

online help

Google
Wikipedia
The Linux Documentation Project
Red Hat
Ubuntu
www.linux-training.be

3. First steps in Linux

working with directories

pwd
cd
absolute and relative paths
path completion
ls
mkdir
rmdir

    practice : working with directories
    solution : working with directories
    working with files

file
touch
rm
cp
mv
rename

    practice : working with files
    solution : working with files
    file contents

head
tail
cat
tac
more and less
strings

practice : file contents
solution : file contents

4. The Linux file system tree

    all files are case sensitive
    everything is a file
    / (the root directory)
    man hier
    filesystem hierarchy standard
    common directories

/bin binaries
/boot static files to boot the system
/dev device files
/etc configuration files
/home sweet home
/initrd
/lib shared libraries
/media for removable media
/mnt standard mount point
/opt optional software
/proc conversation with the kernel
/root the superuser's home
/sbin system binaries
/srv served by your system
/sys Linux 2.6 hot plugging
/tmp for temporary files
/usr Unix system resources
/var variable data

practice : file system tree
solution : file system tree

5. Introduction to the shell in Linux

about shells

several shells
external or built-in commands
type
running external commands
which
alias
echo
shell expansion
displaying shell expansion

    practice: about shells
    solution: about shells
    control operators

; semicolon
& ampersand
&& double ampersand
|| double vertical bar
Combining && and ||
# pound sign
\ escaping special characters
end of line backslash

    practice: control operators
    solution: control operators
    shell variables

$ dollar sign
case sensitive
$PS1
$PATH
$? dollar question mark
unbound variables
creating and setting variables
set
unset
env
exporting variables
delineate variables
quotes and variables

    practice: shell variables
    solution: shell variables
    shell arguments

white space removal
single quotes
double quotes
echo and quotes
shell embedding
back ticks
back ticks or single quotes

    practice: shell arguments
    solution: shell arguments
    file globbing

asterisk
? question mark
[] square brackets
a-z and 0-9 ranges
$LANG and square brackets

bash shell options
shell history

history variables
repeating commands in bash
repeating commands in ksh

    practice : shell globbing, options and history
    solution: shell globbing, options and history
    shell i/o redirection

stdin, stdout, and stderr

output redirection

noclobber
>> append
2> error redirection
2>&1
< input redirection
<< here document
confusing i/o redirection
quick file clear
swapping stdout and stderr

practice : i/o redirection
solution : i/o redirection

6. Pipes and filters in Linux

pipes

about pipes
| vertical bar
multiple pipes

filters

about filters
cat does nothing
tee
grep
cut
tr
wc
sort
uniq
comm
od
sed

some pipeline examples

who | wc
who | cut | sort
grep | cut

practice : pipes and filters
solution : pipes and filters

7. Basic Unix tools

common tools

find
locate
date
cal
sleep
time

compression tools

gzip - gunzip
zcat - zmore
bzip2 - bunzip2
bzcat - bzmore

practice : basic Unix tools
solution : basic Unix tools

8. Introduction to vi in Linux

about vi(m)
introduction to using vi(m)

command mode and insert mode
start typing (a A i I o O)
replace and delete a character (r x X)
undo and repeat (u .)
cut, copy and paste a line (dd yy p P)
cut, copy and paste lines (3dd 2yy)
start and end of a line (0 or ^ and $)
join two lines (J) and more
words (w b)
save (or not) and exit (:w :q :q! )
Searching (/ ?)
Replace all ( :1,$ s/foo/bar/g )
Reading files (:r :r !cmd)
text buffers
multiple files
abbreviations
key mappings
setting options

practice : vi(m)
solution : vi(m)

9. Understanding scripts in Linux

introduction to scripting

scripts are everywhere
hello world
she-bang
comment
variables
sourcing a script
prevent setuid root spoofing

    practice : introduction to scripting
    solution : introduction to scripting
    scripting tests and loops

test [ ]
if if, then then, or else
for loop
while loop
until loop

    practice : scripting tests and loops
    solution : scripting tests and loops
    parameters and options

script parameters
shift through parameters
runtime input
sourcing a config file
get script options with getopts
get shell options with shopt

    practice : parameters and options
    solution : parameters and options
    more scripting

eval
(( ))
let
case
shell functions

practice : more scripting
solution : more scripting

10. Introduction to users in Linux

identify yourself

whoami
who
who am i
w
id

users

user management
/etc/passwd
root
useradd
/etc/default/useradd
userdel
usermod

passwords

passwd
/etc/shadow
password encryption
password defaults
disabling a password
editing local files

home directories

creating home directories
/etc/skel/
deleting home directories

user shell

login shell
chsh

switch users with su

su to another user
su to root
su as root
su - $username
su -

run a program as another user

about sudo
setuid on sudo
visudo
sudo su

    practice: users
    solution: users
    shell environment

/etc/profile
~/.bash_profile
~/.bash_login
~/.profile
~/.bashrc
~/.bash_logout
Debian overview
RHEL5 overview

11. Introduction to groups in Linux

    about groups
    groupadd
    /etc/group
    usermod
    groupmod
    groupdel
    groups
    gpasswd
    vigr
    practice: groups
    solution: groups

12. Standard file permissions in Linux

file ownership

user owner and group owner
chgrp
chown

list of special files
permissions

rwx
three sets of rwx
permission examples
setting permissions (chmod)
setting octal permissions
umask

    practice: standard file permissions
    solution: standard file permissions
    sticky and setgid bits

sticky bit on directory
setgid bit on directory
setgid and setuid on regular files

    practice: sticky, setuid and setgid bits
    solution: sticky, setuid and setgid bits
    access control lists

acl in /etc/fstab
getfacl
setfacl
remove an acl entry
remove the complete acl
the acl mask
eiciel

13. File links In Linux

inodes

inode contents
inode table
inode number
inode and file contents

about directories

a directory is a table
. and ..

hard links

creating hard links
finding hard links

    symbolic links
    removing links
    practice : links
    solution : links

14. Introduction to Processes in Linux

terminology

process
PID
PPID
init
kill
daemon
zombie

basic process management

$$ and $PPID
pidof
parent and child
fork and exec
exec
ps
pgrep
top

signalling processes

kill
list signals
kill -1 (SIGHUP)
kill -15 (SIGTERM)
kill -9 (SIGKILL)
killall
pkill
top
SIGSTOP and SIGCONT

Linux System Administration

1. Process management
1.1. terminology
1.2. basic process management
1.3. signalling processes
1.4. practice : basic process management
1.5. solution : basic process management
1.6. priority and nice values
1.7. practice : process priorities
1.8. solution : process priorities
1.9. background processes
1.10. practice : background processes
1.11. solution : background processes
2. Disk management
2.1. hard disk devices
2.2. practice: hard disk devices
2.3. solution: hard disk devices
2.4. partitions
2.5. practice: partitions
2.6. solution: partitions
2.7. file systems
2.8. practice: file systems
2.9. solution: file systems
2.10. mounting
2.11. practice: mounting file systems
2.12. solution: mounting file systems
2.13. uuid and filesystems
2.14. practice: uuid and filesystems
2.15. solution: uuid and filesystems
2.16. RAID
2.17. practice: RAID
3. Logical volume management
3.1. introduction to lvm
3.2. lvm terminology
3.3. example: using lvm
3.4. example: extend a logical volume
3.5. example: resize a physical Volume
3.6. example: mirror a logical volume
3.7. example: snapshot a logical volume
3.8. verifying existing physical volumes
3.9. verifying existing volume groups
3.10. verifying existing logical volumes
3.11. manage physical volumes
3.12. manage volume groups
3.13. manage logical volumes
3.14. practice : lvm
4. Booting the system
4.1. boot terminology
4.2. grub
4.3. lilo
4.4. practice : bootloader
4.5. solution : bootloader
5. init
5.1. about sysv init
5.2. system init(ialization)
5.3. daemon or demon ?
5.4. starting and stopping daemons
5.5. chkconfig
5.6. update-rc.d
5.7. bum
5.8. runlevels
5.9. practice: init
5.10. solution : init
6. Linux Kernel
6.1. about the Linux kernel
6.2. Linux kernel source
6.3. kernel boot files
6.4. Linux kernel modules
6.5. compiling a kernel
6.6. compiling one module
7. Introduction to network sniffing
7.1. about sniffing
7.2. wireshark
7.3. tcpdump
7.4. practice: network sniffing
7.5. solution: network sniffing
8. Introduction to networking
8.1. introduction to computer networks
8.2. about tcp/ip
8.3. practice : about tcp/ip
8.4. solution : about tcp/ip
8.5. using tcp/ip
8.6. practice : using tcp/ip
8.7. solution : using tcp/ip
8.8. multiple ip-addresses
8.9. practice : multiple ip-addresses
8.10. solution : multiple ip-addresses
8.11. multihomed hosts
8.12. practice : multihomed hosts
8.13. solution : multihomed hosts
8.14. introduction to iptables
8.15. practice : iptables
8.16. solution : iptables
8.17. xinetd and inetd
8.18. practice : inetd and xinetd
8.19. openssh
8.20. practice: ssh
8.21. network file system
8.22. practice : network file system
9. Scheduling
9.1. about scheduling
9.2. one time jobs with at
9.3. cron
9.4. practice : scheduling
9.5. solution : scheduling
10. Logging
10.1. about logging
10.2. login logging
10.3. syslogd daemon
10.4. logger
10.5. watching logs
10.6. rotating logs
10.7. practice : logging
10.8. solution : logging
11. Library Management
11.1. introduction
11.2. /lib and /usr/lib
11.3. ldd
11.4. ltrace
11.5. dpkg -S and debsums
11.6. rpm -qf and rpm -V
12. Memory management
12.1. about memory
12.2. /proc/meminfo
12.3. swap space
12.4. practice : memory
13. Installing Linux
13.1. about
13.2. installation by cdrom
13.3. installation with rarp and tftp
13.4. about Red Hat kickstart
13.5. using kickstart
14. Package management
14.1. terminology
14.2. Red Hat package manager
14.3. yum
14.4. rpm2cpio
14.5. Debian package management
14.6. alien
14.7. Downloading software
14.8. Compiling software
14.9. Practice: Installing software
14.10. Solution: Installing software
15. Backup
15.1. About tape devices
15.2. Compression
15.3. tar
15.4. Backup Types
15.5. dump and restore
15.6. cpio
15.7. dd
15.8. split
15.9. Practice backup
16. Performance monitoring
16.1. About Monitoring
16.2. top
16.3. free
16.4. watch
16.5. vmstat
16.6. iostat
16.7. mpstat
16.8. sadc and sar
16.9. ntop
16.10. iftop

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